Benefits of Open Source software when Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Benefits of Open Source software when - Essay Example Reliability: Open source software are considered to be reliable. This is attributed to the fact that they are peer reviewed software. The use of this software has proven to be robust and reliable under extreme strenuous conditions. Apache server, being one of the open source software, is more reliable as compared to Microsoft IIS. The data showing the comparison between the reliability of Apache, which is usually run on Linux operating system, and Microsoft IIS which is run on windows operating system is shown below Security: Open source software use is safe and secure. Considering the fact that the development of open source software involves a diverse community of programmers around the world who are working towards a common solution, the chances of security flaws being in the code are minimal and in case there are any, they are quickly fixed. The ultimate solution of any institution running online service is security. Open source software is suited in this setting since it’s more safe and secure as compared to the proprietary software. Low Initial Cost: The cost of acquiring and deploying open source software is low as compared to the closed source software (What are the risks and benefits of using open source software, 2010). Thus, it’s more advisable to use open source in institutions to minimize costs while at the same time maximizing output. The figure below shows the percentage savings on users running open source software. Fast Development Speed: Open source software undergoes agile software development process. Agile software development is known to fasten the software development process (Anon., n.d.). Also, considering that the community of open source software is huge, the development time of any given software is short. This increases the development speed as compared to closed source software. This is the case with apache server which is can be deployed quickly to serve various purposes. Interoperability:

The Impact of Technology on Society Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Technology on Society Essay The contemporary society is characterized by its intensive use of technology in all walks of life. Technology is indeed a broad concept dealing with species usage, knowledge of tools and crafts, as well as the manner in which it influences a species capacity to control its environment and adapt to it. It has aptly been termed globalization’s handmaid (World Economic Forum, 2007). Advances in communication, entertainment, medical treatments and warfare reach the airwaves as technocrats develop faster, more effective technology. Communication is faster, tasks require far fewer steps to complete thus saving time, and it is possible to relive certain experiences just by pushing a button. History has demonstrated that whenever inventions are introduced to a particular society, the society necessarily changes (Arbab, 2008). These changes may be positive or negative, depending on preexisting societal norms, beliefs and cultural practices. This is the crux of the ensuing discussion, with a bias on the world of entertainment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to a study conducted by Forrester Research in the year 2000, the average American dedicates seven hours of their day watching television (Shoff, n.d.). Television is essentially a form of passive entertainment, taking out viewers’ cognitive capacity; everything is processed right in front of their eyes and there is no brain power involved (Borruso, 2005). Herein lies the big debate on the impact of television on children’s development. Their social skills are sacrificed in favor of passive entertainment. They lose out on other useful skills learned only through play and the urge to quench the innate curiosity of a child. Studies on the link between television and obesity indicate the debilitating impact of this form of entertainment on health. The stage from childhood to adolescence and early adulthood demands a high degree of self discovery. It allows individuals the opportunity to determine their talents, strengths and weaknesses. If seven hours are spent in front of the television and anther seven to eight asleep, there is hardly any time left for development. Despite the technological adroitness today’s generation possesses, they do not read, write, dive or add well. Cyber-world appears as a cocoon with these individuals focusing on entertainment.   They ignore key issues affecting mankind, their mental agility, street smarts and intelligence notwithstanding (Bauerlein, 2008). The influence of technology on entertainment has greatly fuelled the fire on instant gratification. It is possible to skip through commercials using applications like TiVo as well as select specific videos via Video on-Demand (VOD). In addition to this, cases of piracy are commonplace. With the technology available today, it is easy to compress large volumes of data and transfer it online. The one-to-many and many-to-many mode of transfer significantly exacerbates the problem of piracy. Should legal redress be sought, which elements of the distribution chain will be found culpable? In addition to this, entertainment material is fresh and plentiful, covering all imaginable genres. People are well aware of copyright laws, but conscientiously ignore them. The impulse-search-satisfaction route is the unstoppable driving force. This goes hand in hand with the ease of access attached to the Internet. Entertainment material is accessible at home, at work and on the road; practically everywhere. Many employees misuse their employers’ resources not only via quenching their thirst for entertainment, but also by misusing bandwidth in downloading extraneous material. This has been the subject of various IT-related policies with section of the public questioning an employer’s right to track employee computer usage. It boils down to the elements of ethics and codes of conduct. The discussion of technology and entertainment cannot be complete without a mention of the iPod. With respect to music, iPods makes shellac discs, vinyl records, video cassettes and compact discs appear as elements reminiscent of the Stone Age. However, these personalized digital players have created the effect of isolating individuals from the rest of the world behind white ear buds. The need to purchase entire albums died with the advent of the iTunes store as peoples could download only the desired tracks (A Technology Society, 2009). As with the every aspect of accessibility comes the question of blue movies. It seems that the billion dollar pornography industry found an efficient channel through the iPod. The Western society’s increasing tolerance of sexuality lays a foundation for pornography to find its way to mainstream media. This issue must necessarily be addressed, considering that in the United States alone, the adult entertainment industry was responsible for the generation of $2.5 billion dollars in 2004. In the month of August that year, 40% of all Internet users visit at least one adult site and 3% of all Internet traffic involved adult sites. Taking the hit rate statistics presented in the preceding paragraph, more so in relation to the speed of technological development, it will become much harder to censor pornographic content. Alex McKay, a Sex Information and Education Council of Canada research coordinator, all attempts at censorship have proved futile (Denomme, 2005). People may argue that adults have the prerogative to get involved whatever type of entertainment they please, but what about young innocent minds in their formative years? It is the society’s moral duty to guarantee proper formation of the youth. A concerned parent vocalized his opinion saying that the mass media of the day is making deliberate attempts to collapse the traditional, liberty, decency, social values that shaped America’s course (McLuhan, n.d.). He takes the argument back to the media bent on selling sensationalism. People cannot afford to ignore that when ethics and professional responsibility are categorically replaced with the yen to secure the greatest amount of advertising dollars, it is members of the public that suffer (McLuhan, n.d.). There is no question about the power the media wields over people via movies and programs. This power must necessarily be harnessed for the right purpose. The impact of technology on entertainment and society is powerful to say the least. The discussion presented indicates the need to establish strict codes of conduct, operating policies, as well as the legal implications of flouting stated procedures. Technology, in response to entertainment or otherwise, is a double edged-sword; it can either contribute to the greater good of society or lead to substantive destruction. This is where the importance of the development of well-laid out ethical standards comes in.   They serve as universal checks and balances with respect to technological operating procedures. Regardless of how powerful technology becomes, it must remain under the class of ‘aids’; human relationships must always rank higher in priority. References: A Technology Society. (2009). Has the iPod changed music? Retrieved April 3rd, 2009, from http://www.atechnologysociety.co.uk/has-ipod-changed-music.html Arbab, A. (2008, January 19). Impact of technology on society. Retrieved April 2nd,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2009, from http://www.ideasdesk.com/2008/01/19/impact-of-technology-on  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   society/ Bauerlein, M. (2008). The dumbest generation: how the digital age stupefies young  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Americans and jeopardizes our future (or, dont trust anyone under 30). Tarcher. Borruso, S. (2005). The art of thinking – chats on logic. Paulines. Denomme, I. (2005). Video iPod a boon for porn lovers: ‘Negligible’ impact on  Ã‚  Ã‚   society, researcher predicts. Retrieved April 3rd, 2009, from  Ã‚   http://www.gazette.uwo.ca/article.cfm?section=FrontPagearticleID=462 McLuhan, M. (n.d.), Impact of computing technology on education and entertainment.  Ã‚   Retrieved April 4th, 2009, from http://pangea.tec.selu.edu/~hgildig/660695/mcluhan.pdf World Economic Forum. (2007). Technology and society: identity, community and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   networks. Retrieved on April 3rd, 2009, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.weforum.org/pdf/summitreports/am2007/technology.htm

GERONIMO Essay -- essays research papers

More than 5,000 troops were under General Miles' command at that time, including elements of the 4th, 6th and 10th Cavalry. He gave the principal pursuit mission to the 4th because it was headquartered at Fort Huachuca, the base of operations for the campaign. The Army had permission to go to Mexico in pursuit. Captain Henry Lawton, commanding officer of "B" Troop, 4th Cavalry, was an experienced soldier who knew the ways of the Apaches. His tactics were to wear them down by constant pursuit. Stationed at the fort at that time were many men who would later become well known in the Army: Colonel W. B. Royall, commanding officer of the fort and the 4th Cavalry, who was responsible for the logistical support of the Geronimo campaign; Leonard Wood, who went along on the expedition as contract surgeon; Lieutenant Colonel G. H. Forsyht; Captain C.A.P. Hatfield; Captain J.H. Dorst; and First Lieutenant Powhatan H. Clarke, who was immortalized by the artist, Remington, for saving a black trooper during the campaign. With the fort as advance base for the pursuit forces, the heliograph communications network, which General Miles had established in Arizona and New Mexico, was used effectively for logistical purposes. However, the Indians and the Army were conducting their chase in Mexico where the system did not extend. So the most the heliograph could do in the campaign was relay messages brought by fast riders from the border. April 1, 1886 was the date that Captain Lawton led his troopers with two pack trains and 30 Indian Scouts through the Huachuca Mountains to Nogales, Mexico, to pick up Geronimo's trail. Though various units would join the pursuit later and separate to follow trails left by the Indians back and forth across the border, there were few times that Army troops and members of Geronimo's band would come face to face. Four Months later, Captain Lawton and Leonard Wood were sent back to Fort Huachcua, worn down by the rough country and grueling campaign. More than 3,000 miles were covered by the Indians and the Army during the chase, which took a month longer than General Miles had planned. The men had walked and ridden through some of the most inaccessible desert land in North America, in heat sometimes above 110 degrees. After Geronimo's surrender, "B" Troop of the 4th Cavalry was given the mission of escorting the Apache's to Flo... ...were killed by Mexicans in 1858, he participated in a number of raids against Mexican and American settlers, but eventually settled on a reservation. In 1876 the U.S. government attempted to move the Chiricahua from their traditional home to San Carlos, New Mexico; Geronimo then began ten years of intermittent raids against white settlements, alternating with periods of peaceful farming on the San Carlos reservation. In March 1886, the American general George Crook captured Geronimo and forced a treaty under which the Chiricahua would be relocated in Florida; two days later Geronimo escaped and continued his raids. General Nelson Miles then took over the pursuit of Geronimo, who was chased into Mexico and captured the following September. The Native Americans were sent to Florida, Alabama, and finally to Fort Sill, Oklahoma Territory, where they settled as farmers. Geronimo eventually adopted Christianity. He took part in the inaugural procession of President Theodore Roosevelt i n 1905. Geronimo dictated his memoirs, published in 1906 as Geronimo's Story of His Life. He died at Fort Sill on February 17, 1909.

Term Democracy

Democracy is by far the most challenging form of government – both for politicians and for the people. The term democracy comes from the Greek language and means â€Å"rule by the (simple) people†. Is it a democracy we are living in. Since the coalition government has taken up the charge , it’s more of a secular dictatorship rather than a democracy. After 50 years of Independence what we have achieved seriously. Every time the elections come we talk of the same issues.We are still stuck up with the issue of reservation rather than concentrating on improving the primary education. Some things like freedom of thought and expression are taken for granted because we don’t even have the freedom to express. Recently issue of blogging came into news. Is it worthwhile. It is the fast and most effective way of reaching information reaching all over the world and it is most apt way of expressing one’s views about any topic. It is the voice of a common man.If we are not able to express, how we’ll bring about a change. Recently the Mumbai blasts took a toll of hundreds of people and blogging was the most effective way but then it was banned. It’s not that democracy has proved to be a total failure. Software boom has come which has given India a different image altogether. Now whether it’s an automobile industry, airline industry, beverages industry- all are doing well. After the financial reforms came and globalization and privatization has crept in, it has changed the overall scenario.Now we can talk of really good projects such as Golden Quadrilateral, but since the government has changed , all this is a talk of past. We were lucky to have a prime minister like Atal Bihari Vajpayee under whose leadership, India has seen some positive changes. India has always been seen as a soft country who is not capable of doing anything especially in terms of Kashmir Issue which has not been solved yet. But now it is time to take a tough stand. Leader is one who is powerful in himself and who is able to take his own decision.But if ministers like Manmohan Singh is there to protect our country under the leadership of Ms. Sonia Gandhi, then India is surely moving towards the wrong path. In my opinion, the democracy system as practiced in India has not delivered what was expected of it. Sure, there had indeed been certain things that were taken for granted in India like freedom of thought and expression, but what have we acheived by them?. The freedom of expression has given us freedom to express but has it given any chance to change what is wrong?.No, the system has seen to it that, though there are laws, nothing can be effected. Democracy as a system needs a high level of participation from the people, but had we given it to them? Why has it not happened in India?. Are we as people to be blamed for this state? Are we Indian's been practicing this Democracy well before the concept took shape with its current name in the west? There are many referrences in earlier Tamil Literature about the way the adminisatrator is elected in villages of the â€Å"Sangham† period.Then when did we slid down the path?. Why do we behave like people who doesnt know that to claim a right, the corresponding Duty has to be performed? How many of us complained about an erring Policeman to his seniors? Can we then complain about corruption? Conclusion: In my point of view democracy is both boon and bane. when considered from the view of the people democracy is boon as they have freedom or recognition for the speech. so democracy is boon from people's view and bane from government's view. Term Democracy Definition:Democracy is by far the most challenging form of government – both for politicians and for the people. The term democracy comes from the Greek language and means â€Å"rule by the (simple) people†.Is it a democracy we are living in. Since the coalition government has taken up the charge , it’s more of a secular dictatorship rather than a democracy. After 50 years of Independence what we have achieved seriously. Every time the elections come we talk of the same issues. We are still stuck up with the issue of reservation rather than concentrating on improving the primary education.Some things like freedom of thought and expression are taken for granted because we don’t even have the freedom to express. Recently issue of blogging came into news. Is it worthwhile. It is the fast and most effective way of reaching information reaching all over the world and it is most apt way of expressing one’s views about any topic.It is the voice of a commo n man. If we are not able to express, how we’ll bring about a change. Recently the Mumbai blasts took a toll of hundreds of people and blogging was the most effective way but then it was banned. It’s not that democracy has proved to be a total failure. Software boom has come which has given India a different image altogether. Now whether it’s an automobile industry, airline industry, beverages industry- all are doing well. After the financial reforms came and globalization and privatization has crept in, it has changed the overall scenario.Now we can talk of really good projects such as Golden Quadrilateral, but since the government has changed , all this is a talk of past. We were lucky to have a prime minister like Atal Bihari Vajpayee under whose leadership, India has seen some positive changes. India has always been seen as a soft country who is not capable of doing anything especially in terms of Kashmir Issue which has not been solved yet. But now it is ti me to take a tough stand. Leader is one who is powerful in himself and who is able to take his own decision. But if ministers like Manmohan Singh is there to protect our  country under the leadership of Ms. Sonia Gandhi, then India is surely moving towards the wrong path.In my opinion, the democracy system as practiced in India has not delivered what was expected of it. Sure, there had indeed been certain things that were taken for granted in India like freedom of thought and expression, but what have we acheived by them?. The freedom of expression has given us freedom to express but has it given any chance to change what is wrong?. No, the system has seen to it that, though there are laws, nothing can be effected. Democracy as a system needs a high level of participation from the people, but had we given it to them? Why has it not happened in India?Are we as people to be blamed for this state? Are we Indian's been practicing this Democracy well before the concept took shape with its current name in the west? There are many referrences in earlier Tamil Literature about the way the adminisatrator is elected in villages of the â€Å"Sangham† period. Then when did we slid down the path?. Why do we behave like people who doesnt know that to claim a right, the corresponding Duty has to be performed? How many of us complained about an erring Policeman to his seniors?Can we then complain about corruption?Conclusion:In my point of view democracy is both boon and bane.when considered from the view of the people democracy is boon as they have freedom or recognition for the speech.so democracy is boon from people's view and bane from government's view.

Sand Dust Storm in China

Global Conference on Natural Disasters | Sand dust storm in China | Focus on China | | Contents 1. 0 Introduction2 2. 0 Sand Dust Storm in China2 2. 1 Definition2 2. 2 Location2 2. 3 When did it happen? 2 2. 4 What caused the event? 2 2. 5 What areas were affected? 2 3. 0 Effects and Damage of Sand Dust Storm2 3. 1 Short and long term effects2 3. 2 Extent of the Damage2 4. 0 Historic Records and Extent of effects of Sand Dust Storm2 4. 1 Historic Records of Sand Dust Storm in Beijing2 4. 2 Main damage ways of Sand Dust Storm2 4. 3 Damage of Sand Dust Storm2 . 0 Prevention and Positive effects of Sand Dust Storm2 5. 1 Causes of Sand Dust storm2 5. 2 Prevention2 5. 3 Positive outcomes from the disaster2 6. 0 The End2 Conclusion2 Recommendations2 Reference list2 1. 0 Introduction This report is authorised by the attending of a global conference on natural disasters. It focuses on one of main problems of China and uses a descriptive statistical method to analyse the historical overview o f global natural disasters to ascertain the influence of sand dust storm on China. 2. 0 Sand Dust Storm in China 2. Definition â€Å"A sand storm is basically a wind storm that carries sand through the air, forming a relatively low cloud near the ground† (Coenraads 2006, 234). â€Å"Most sandstorms occur in the sandy areas of deserts. Some occur on beaches; dry riverbeds; or deposits of gravel, sand, and silt called alluvial fans† (Dirks 2010, 110). â€Å"Dust storms form in semi-arid and arid regions where small dust and sand particles are blown into the air† (Coenraads 2006, 234). â€Å"A dust storm may occur hundreds of miles and rise to a height of more than 305 meters.It carries as much as 875 metric tons of dust particles per cubic kilometre of air† (Dirks 2010, 392). 2. 2 Location Strong dust storms hit Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Hong Kong and Taiwan. (2010 China drought and dust storms 2010) 2. 3 W hen did it happen? It happened on March 22, 2010. (2010 China drought and dust storms 2010) 2. 4 What caused the event? Beijing meteorological offices director GuoHu said, â€Å"This influence of Beijing's dust source is in Mongolia and in middle Inner Mongolia region.The dust was wafted from thousands of meters altitude by the conveying of strong winds. From the perspective of meteorology, this is unstoppable climate phenomena† (Xinhua NET 2010). 2. 5 What areas were affected? The other areas were affected where were â€Å"South Korea, North Korea and Japan by March 22, before being carried across the Pacific Ocean by the jet stream, with some dust reaching the West Coast of the United States† (2010 China drought and dust storms 2010). 3. 0 Effects and Damage of Sand Dust Storm 3. 1 Short and long term effects â€Å"The dust storm in late March spiralled around a strong low pressure system.Many areas recorded an extremely rare level 5 â€Å"hazardous† rating f or air quality. Many flights in Beijing were also delayed or cancelled. Air pollution readings in Hong Kong reached a record high, reaching at least 15 times the recommended maximum levels by the World Health Organization. Taiwan also reported a new record for worst sandstorm conditions. A strong sandstorm tore through Turpan in Xinjiang on April 23, sparking fires that killed two people and forcing a shutdown of rail and road traffic for six hours† (2010 China drought and dust storms 2010). . 2 Extent of the Damage According to the news releases of the state forestry administration desertification monitoring centre of China on March 28 2010, Extent of the Damage of Sand Dust Storm affected 304 counties of 11 provinces and the air of 6 key cities was severely Polluted. The affected area is about 1. 20 square kilometres, the affected population is about 70 million people, and cultivated land area was affected more than 6. 4 million hectares, garden area was more than 1. million hectares, grassland area was more than 65 million hectares. (2010 new composition in the exams preparation material: climate and environment 2010) 4. 0 Historic Records and Extent of effects of Sand Dust Storm 4. 1 Historic Records of Sand Dust Storm in Beijing Sand Dust Storm does not only appear in the present times, it has already appeared since ancient times. The Sand Dust Storm has appeared since 1425 in Beijing. It normally mainly appeared in Beijing from January to April in Chinese calendar. The probability is 83. 6%. It has appeared almost annually since 2000. (Dr. Mars 2010) 4. 2 Main damage ways of Sand Dust Storm Firstly it is the strong wind. The strong wind uses sand and dust to destroy buildings and public facilities and cause the casualties of people and livestock. Secondly it is sand buried. The wind-drift sand causes a lot of events they are farmland, channel, cottages, railway and pasture were sand buried, and especially cause serious threat for transportation. Th e third way is wind erosion, and the last way is air pollution. Dr. Mars 2010) 4. 3 Damage of Sand Dust Storm The sand dust storm mainly causes 5 results. They are ecological environment deterioration, damage of production and life, losses of lives and property, damage traffic safety and harm to human health. (Dr. Mars 2010) 5. 0 Prevention and Positive effects of Sand Dust Storm 5. 1 Causes of Sand Dust storm The causes of sand dust storm might be degeneration of grassland and vegetation and excessive reclamation. 5. 2 Prevention The Sand Dust Storm has not been prevented yet.Beijing meteorological offices director GuoHu said,† As long as the sediment sources exist, sandstorm will not disappear† (Xinhua NET 2010). 5. 3 Positive outcomes from the disaster Although there is much harm of sandstorm, but the whole process of sandstorm is a part of natural ecosystem. It can slow the damage of greenhouse effect and slow the acid rain or soil acidification. (TT Aixuan 2010) 6. 0 The End Conclusion The sand dust storm is caused by degeneration of grassland and vegetation and excessive reclamation.Although it is a part of natural ecosystem, it causes lots of damages like: ecological environment deterioration, damage of production and life, losses of lives and property, damage traffic safety and harm to human health. We should try to prevent it with the ways like establish forecast system of sandstorm and improve environmental governance and environmental protection. Recommendations From this research report, we can find a nature rule that is if human cannot protect earth and make the ecological balance ourselves; earth will use its own way to make the balance.But here is a problem that is normally the method of earth uses is more harmful for human than our own way. Reference list 2010 China drought and dust storms. 2010. Wikipedia. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/2010_China_drought_and_dust_storms#cite_note-21 (accessed November 24, 2010). 2010 new compositi on in the exams preparation material: climate and environment. 2010. http://peng99. com/zuowen/Article/2852_2. shtml (accessed November 25, 2010). Coenraads, R. 2006. Natural disasters and how we cope. Victoria: The Five Mile Press. Dirks, A. 2010. Dust storm in The World Book Encyclopedia.Vol. 5. Chicago: World Book. Dirks, A. 2010. Sandstorm in The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 17. Chicago: World Book. Dr. Mars. 2010. Beijing sand dust storm. http://baike. baidu. com/view/3381041. htm (accessed November 26, 2010). TT Aixuan. 2010. Sand duststorm. Bai Du Encyclopedia. http://baike. baidu. com/view/2097. htm (accessed November 24, 2010). Xinhua NET. 2010. Meteorological experts: as long as the sediment sources exist, Beijing sandstorms will not disappear. http://news. sina. com. cn/c/2010-03-20/114119905302. shtml (accessed November 26, 2010).

How expectancy theory and equity theory might be used to motivate graduate trainees working in a large organisation Essays

How expectancy theory and equity theory might be used to motivate graduate trainees working in a large organisation Essays How expectancy theory and equity theory might be used to motivate graduate trainees working in a large organisation Paper How expectancy theory and equity theory might be used to motivate graduate trainees working in a large organisation Paper There are two main theories behind motivation; Expectancy theory and Equity theory. Expectancy theory, developed by Edward Tolman, is known as a cognitive theory and was brought about to dispute previous behaviourist theories. Equity theory looked at by J. Stacy Adams, is a process theory which is actually based on the idea of inequity. Motivation among graduate trainees can vary depending on the circumstances surrounding an individuals employment. If they are in a career that they are extremely passionate about, they will likely put in more effort than someone who has no real determination. Graduates are likely to be in a job for one of two reasons. They will either be there to get a foothold in the profession that they want to ultimately work in, or to make a lot of money to pay off their student debts. However in both cases, an individual will want to feel rewarded and that they are being treated fairly and in an equitable manner to their peers. Although Edward Tolman and Kurt Lewin were the first people to pioneer Expectancy theory, it was Victor Vrooms (1964) studies that applied the model to workplace motivation. The theory looks at peoples choice in options left open to them and suggests that an individuals motivation is dependent on how much they want something and their likelihood of achieving it. To ensure that graduates in an organisation are motivated, the company must first recognise the components that make up motivation. These are effort, direction and persistence. Effort looks at what actually motivates an individual while direction determines what behaviours an individual chooses. Persistence examines the role in which sustaining or halting a particular behaviour is important. Once a company understands that its graduates are likely to be motivated if all these criteria are positive, they can begin to formulate plans for ensuring that their employees are happy and conducting a successful job. The expectancy theory suggests that there are three key areas that an individual must want to succeed in. These are expectancy, instrumentality and valence. Vroom suggested a formula and it implied that if an individual put no value on any of the areas they would not be motivated. It is therefore important for a company to ensure that their graduates place value on all three areas, as shown in the diagram below. 1.1 The components of Expectancy Theory While some people believe that each of the components are distinct, it has been shown that there is a link between them and that one leads to another. As the newest employees of a company, graduates will be required to show motivation and a desire to succeed in the company. However if the company provides no set targets or options for them to fulfil the above key areas, there is a likelihood that the motivation would not be shown. Therefore, in order for the company to motivate graduates according to expectancy theory, they must ensure that the more work an individual puts in, it will be recognisable in terms of output. For instrumentality, they should also make clear that the more work an individual does for a company, the quicker they are likely to achieve a promotion or a salary increase. As a graduate, it is likely that an individual will want this promotion but in a case where it might not matter and to ensure that valence is present, it would be important for the company to ensure that the benefits of the promotion outweigh the costs to the individual. In a large organisation it is likely that there will be many graduates but competition to get a place initially may be fierce. It is important for the company to enforce the fact that whilst the individual was lucky to get a place, they very much deserved it and that the company values them as a person and for their talents. This in itself will increase motivation. However, as there will be many others in the same shoes it is important for a company to distinguish between each individual to ensure that their work doesnt go unnoticed. With so many graduates, it is important that whilst distinguishing between all of them, that none are overlooked and all feel equal to one another. J. Stacy Adams (1963, 1965) statement on equity theory was perhaps the most influential of its time. He argued that we are motivated to act in situations which we perceive to be inequitable or unfair (Buchanan Huczynski, 2004). As a graduate, inequity is likely to occur when an individual believes they are receiving more or less than they think they deserve. In an instance where they may be being better rewarded than their counterparts it may not be of concern to them, but when their counterparts are receiving higher benefits than the individual there will be a great feeling of inequity and maybe inadequacy. Adams model is based on inputs and outputs and they need to be balanced and calibrated against others in the workplace in order to ensure equity as the below diagram shows. 1.2 The components of J. Stacey Adams Equity Theory Graduates are likely to not have any previous experience of being in a workplace and therefore will probably make a lot more comparisons than those higher up the corporate ladder. As seen from the above diagram, the graduates perception of rewards and outputs includes money, recognition, responsibility, praise and enjoyment. If the graduate feels that their peers are receiving a higher token in any of these output areas, they are likely to experience inequity. Their inputs will be things such as effort, commitment, time, reliability and loyalty. As an individuals outputs reduce and an inequity manifests, the individual will feel compelled to act upon this reduction. They will try to correct the inequity as quickly as possible and this may involve lowering productivity, increased absenteeism or a reduced quality of the work produced. However, the limitation with this model is that it leaves inputs and outputs open to interpretation according to individual differences. For example, whilst one graduate might place large value on pay rises, another may think that these are negligible and that promotion and climbing the corporate ladder is more important. Adams believes that there are strategies for reducing inequity though and in the case of a graduate where one was being paid more than another for doing similar jobs, then the following steps that an individual would take: 1) Change their outputs (i.e. ask for a pay rise) 2) Change their inputs (i.e. not put in as much effort) 3) Change the other partys outputs (i.e. persuade superiors to cut others pay) 4) Change the other partys inputs (i.e. leave the hard work to others) 5) Change the comparable party (i.e. compare with a different individual) 6) Change attitude to inequity (i.e. reason as to why the other is receiving more outputs) 7) Leave the job Therefore, for an organisation to use equity theory to its advantage and to ensure its graduates continue to be motivated after the first few weeks at the company, it is important to ensure that they feel that their inputs are rewarded by outputs and that their peers are not receiving more outputs than them. Obviously, there will be certain individuals who perform better than others and will deserve higher outputs. When this is the case, the company must ensure that the individuals work is definitely above the standard of their counterparts and that it is made clear to others in the organisation why the said individual received the reward. This will actually have a positive effect on the company in that the other graduates in the company will want to achieve a similar output benefit and therefore be motivated to work harder and in turn their inputs will increase. This will have a spiralling effect which will increase productivity and therefore in turn have a positive effect on the company. Both theories can be used to ensure that the graduates are happy and feel aptly rewarded in their jobs. Expectancy Theory and Equity Theory both take into account the costs to the individual and the rewards that are ultimately expected. It is important for an organisation not to pass these theories by because it may ultimately have a detrimental effect to the reputation of the company. By ensuring that those at the bottom of the firm are enjoying their work and feel aptly rewarded, it will create a positive atmosphere that will ensure that the graduates remain loyal to the organisation and are more likely to stay with them rather than defect to a rival firm.

The New Deal1 essays

The New Deal1 essays The New Deal picked people up when the Great Depression sent them down. It restored faith in the American people. The New Deal helped bring businesses and unemployment from out of the cellar. It got the economy back on its feet after it looked like nothing could help. All this was possible because of one man. Why did they put so much faith into one person? Even though the New Deal was a great success, why did they expect this one person to save them? You can't put your future into the hands of one person. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the man who saw this challenge and overcame it with great success. Even thought his great plan had there ups and downs, to many of the American people he wasn't just another President, he was a hero. The Great Depression was a rough time for all the American people. It sent many banks, farms, and business to close. This caused people to loose there jobs and others to reduce their salary. This was a dark time for the people and they started loosing faith. The people put their hopes on Herbert Hoover who told the people that the Great Depression was coming to an end. The fact of the matter was the it was only in its prime. Hoover promised the American people many things that he knew that could raise hope in people, but he never took action. When Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected in 1933, how did the people know that Roosevelt wasn't just another President that would not take any action. Roosevelt became the President and right away had to face a very serious problem. His election got him involved right when the economy hit rock bottom. Roosevelt knew he had to at least put a smile on the American people's face. He started by selecting a tune called "Happy Days Are Here Again". The people believed this to be a promise that they were getting a President to rely on. How did the people know that this wasn't just some guy making campaign promises? They say it was the unusual way that he...

Symbols and Special Characters in Microsoft Word

Symbols and Special Characters in Microsoft Word Symbols and Special Characters in Microsoft Word Your average keyboard has enough letters, numbers, and punctuation marks for all your day-to-day typing needs. But what if you need symbols or special characters that aren’t on your keyboard? Well, in Microsoft Word, you have three main options: Use the Symbol menu. Learn some ASCII codes. Use Microsoft Word’s special character shortcuts. In the rest of this post, we’ll look at how to do each of these in your writing. 1. Using the Symbol Menu To see the Symbol menu in Microsoft Word, go to Insert Symbols on the ribbon and click the Symbol button (or Insert Advanced Symbol Symbols in the menu system in Word for Mac). Quick access symbols. This will open a quick access menu of 20 frequently used symbols to pick from. However, you can also access the full range of special characters in Microsoft Word as follows: Go to Insert Symbols and click Symbol to open the menu. Click More Symbols†¦ to open a new window. Scroll through until you find the symbol you want to use. Click Insert to add the symbol to your document. The full range of special characters in Microsoft Word. The symbol will then appear in your document at your cursor. Microsoft Word will also add it to the quick access menu, saving your time if you need to use the same symbol again. 2. ASCII Codes ASCII codes each indicate a different symbol, so you can use them to add special characters to a document quickly via the numeric keypad: Learn or look up the correct ASCII code for the symbol(s) you need. Turn on Num Lock on your keyboard to activate the numeric keypad. Hold down the Alt key and type the required code. The corresponding symbol will then appear at your cursor position. 3. Shortcuts for Special Characters For some special characters, your simplest option is to let Microsoft Word do the hard work! There are, for example, shortcuts available for the following common symbols: Special Character Shortcut Autocorrect Option Trademark symbol (â„ ¢) Ctrl + Alt + T Write â€Å"TM† in parentheses Registered trademark symbol ( ®) Ctrl + Alt + R â€Å"R† in parentheses Copyright symbol ( ©) Ctrl + Alt + C â€Å"C† in parentheses Closed Ellipsis (†¦) Ctrl + Alt + . Three full stops without spaces Euro (â‚ ¬) Ctrl + Alt + E â€Å"E† in parentheses You’ll notice we’ve included an â€Å"autocorrect† version for each symbol above. In these cases, Microsoft Word will automatically correct the specified text to create the symbol. For example, to add a trademark symbol to a document, we have two options: Hold down Ctrl + Alt + T at the same time. Write â€Å"(TM)† and let Microsoft Word change this to the symbol. These shortcuts are very quick and simple, so it is worth memorizing them if you use any of these symbols frequently. Similar shortcuts are also available for accented letters.

Income Inequality in the UK Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Income Inequality in the UK - Coursework Example Beyond these market forces, however, there are a large range of other forces that have a drastic impact on final income in the United Kingdom. The government causes most of these differences through credits, welfare and taxes. There are four main ways that the government impacts a person or family’s take home income in the United Kingdom: cash benefits, non cash/in kind benefits, direct taxes and indirect taxes. These factors impact different levels of income very differently. Typically (though not always), benefits have an inverse relationship to income (going up as income goes down), while taxes have are directly related to income, rising as income rises. These factors, however, tend to be logarithmic rather than linear, increasing and decreasing at rates disproportional to changes in income. Taxes tend to rise at a greater rate than benefits decrease. For instance, at the lowest quartile of income, a family would earn 1,920 pounds of direct income, but would get in the orde r of 4.5 thousand pounds of tax benefits, plus around 3.5 thousand pounds of benefits in kind. For the top quartile, with an income of 39,370 pounds, these benefits would drop to the order of one thousand and two thousand pounds respectively. Thus, from the bottom to the top quartile benefits drop to about one quarter of their rate for the bottom quartile. Taxes, however, change at a much more rapid pace. The lowest quartile of tax-payers pays only about 790 pounds of direct taxes, plus indirect taxes in the order of 1,170 pounds. Someone in the top quartile would pay more in the order of 10,000 pounds in direct taxes, plus an additional 5,000 pounds of indirect taxes. This whole system means that for people in the lowest three quartiles, (anywhere up to about 13,000 pounds annually) actually take home more than they make after accounting for benefits and taxes, while people in the top two, making between twenty and forty thousand dollars, take home a lot less. Assessing tax burden is a somewhat complicated question. If one compares only taxes to original income, clearly the poorest pay the greatest taxes – almost as much in taxes as they make. However, once benefits are accounted for, they pay much less, only about one quarter of their income in taxes. The top quartile, when taking everything into account, bears the greatest tax burden, given that they pay both the largest absolute amount and the highest percentage. Furthermore, they benefit less from the taxes they pay than others – they pay taxes that go to supporting people in the lower quartiles. They, however, still retain the higest disposable income by a large margin, and thus their â€Å"tax burden† is less burdensome than a much smaller amount would be to a lower income person. Finally, it is interesting that the total percentage of taxes paid does not change drastically from the lowest to the top quartile once benefits are accounted for – each group pays about 1 out of ev ery 4 pounds made to the government. The people in the lowest quartile certainly gain the most from this system. They gain a net of approximately 6,000 pounds, or 300 % of their initial income, when all is said and done. This advantage drops precipitously as income rises: someone making 5,000 pounds annually, despite making more than 3,000 pounds more than the bottom quartile, only takes home approximately 1,000 pounds more at the end of the day. This means that the benefit from the system drops from 300%

Health Care Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health Care Reform - Essay Example The subsidies are provided to families with an income level as explained above, because such families do not qualify for either Medicare or Medicaid. Furthermore, such families do not have coverage from their employers. Premium credits were also introduced to help with payment of coverage, which also touches immigrants who are in the country legally if their income is below 100 percent of the federal poverty level (Jackson & Nolen, 2010). Health Care Reform: U.S. Population Groups That Will Not Benefit The act states that immigrants who are in the country illegally do not qualify for either Medicaid or subsidies on insurance. Most of the illegal immigrants who do not qualify have not been in the country for more than five years as required by the law so that they receive either one of the new reform provision: Medicaid or subsidies on insurance. Population groups who do not register for Medicaid and are above 33 percent of the poverty line do not qualify because they have not joined other people who have registered for Medicaid. Others may decide not to pay for insurance because they think that it is expensive for them, and for that reason they would not qualify. In addition, the insurance cover might cost more than 8 percent of the household, which will be quite unaffordable (Turnbull, 2010). Involvement of DHHS Agencies in Health Care Reform The AHRQ’s functions are to prioritize patients’ safety so that the health conditions of the patient is improved, which is done with help of the DHHS. The current reforms passed in 2010 consider the patients’ safety in workplaces so that small injuries can be averted and better relationships can be achieved between physicians and patients. Additionally, liability premium reductions have been considered in the reforms. The above initiatives were started with the help of both the DHHS and ARHQ. The CMS is concerned with Medicaid, Medicare and children health care insurance. The new reforms aim to accomp lish three major goals: expanding insurance cover, providing better quality insurance, and managing cost. The CMS agency will help in controlling the cost of services provided in healthcare centers; for example, there are risks that occur in workplaces, such as injuries and hospital-acquired conditions that require medical cover. The CMS has been pushing for reduction of such incidents to cut down on costs as required by the new reforms. In addition, they have also been in talk with physicians and hospital workers to give a better quality and cheaper service to patients. This will bring down health care costs, and the physicians will benefit from Medicare savings (Groszkruger, 2011). Nursing Implications in Health Care Reform The healthcare reforms to take effect in 2014 will require more nurses because the field will expand and job openings in nursing will arise. For example, more medical healthcare homes and healthcare centers will be formed. The enactment of the law will need mor e schools and training of nurses. In addition, the individuals who are interested in the profession will require full-time education. This will prompt the government to invest more in training of more nurses to curb the shortage. The national government will aim to provide grants and loans to nurses and will have to increase the amount they use to sustain the training systems that nurses require. As mentioned above, nurses will require full

The Nursing profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Nursing profession - Essay Example The care should not be confined to the physical aliment but also the psychological and spiritual needs. Thus, patient care should have a patient centered approach considering the patients as still active dignified individuals, who can plan, manage and create some meaning out of their end life situation. Understanding of these facts helps in better nursing care. The patients seem to know better (than the past) about health care and they demand more knowledge on their end of life options today. Most of the patients want to discuss their treatment options and have a Right to refuse as per existing laws in UK. Problems pertaining to 'End-of -life' care and care for the aged are on the rise especially when concepts of euthanasia and physician assisted death are trying to find legitimate positions in the society. The present case study is that of an eighty-year-old Mr.X in a care home in London. He is dependant on the staff for most of his daily activities. He has complaints of constant pa in and it has been becoming increasingly difficult to move this man as his bones have become very contracted although he is being made to sit on his chair as often as possible. He is also encouraged to eat with the other residents in the dinning room in spite of his spine becoming so twisted that eating at the table is difficult. Patient X is a Retired School Master, widowed with 7 children all off whom visit him on a regular basis and although he is confused at times his Religion and faith are very important to him and still attends Mass every day in the care home. He has a medical history of Myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, pacemaker, Paget's disease, depression and Type 2 diabetes. He is a classic example of an aged individual with multiple complications. Any further development in these complications will result in the patient being shifted to Intensive care with the possible outcome of death. Thus, it is an excellent case of a patient where managing patient care is vital rather than just assessment and interventions. The Nurse care for the case study should be based on Roper Logan and Tierney model of nursing (1980) which is a care model based on activities of daily living. Unlike Virginia Henderson (1966) model, which recognizes 14 activities, Roper model recognizes only 12 activities. This includes, maintaining a safe environment, communication, breathing, eating/drinking, elimination, washing/dressing, thermoregulation, mobility, work/play, sexual expressions, sleep and dying. Three problems in nurse care for Mr.X: 1.Chronic pain: Chronic pain of the bones is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience in the patients with Paget's disease and Mr.X has been diagnosed with Paget's disease. Pain management in patients with Paget's disease helps in the improvement of quality of the patient care. Understanding pain needs specific communication skills based on perception. This is true because many of the terminally ill patients may not be able to verbally communicate their pain. Chronic pain is a pain, which lasts for more than six months. Chronic pain is further classified based on its etiology as 'non-malignant' and 'malignant pain'. Non - malignant is non-cancer related pain and malignant pain is cancer related. Chronic pain depresses, debilates and affects the quality of life (Cole, 2002) .A study by Green et.al (2002) on chronic pain management has revealed a need for further educational insights of physicians. A recent study

Readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Readings - Essay Example Future philosophers Jeffery Reiman concludes that the existing systems of justice could be the best system in the world if its ideology is used wealthily and therefore cooperation is needed from the people to put this unjust social order in order. Yes by the Paul G Cassel, a District could Judge in United States argues that on the basics of this Miranda Rule, the warren court criminal procedure juris Prudence rays extraordinary and unparalleled chains over the police department which is our important social department The police strongly objected the rule as it is obstructing the investigative proceedings. Even cartoonists ridiculously sketched the law and its practices. A 120-page report was also made suggesting to over rule and abandon Miranda Rule. Also the law holds god to only those who are innocent of any crime. But what is the need to respect a criminal. These anti social elements observe the least. These can be some intermediate rule by which the doubtful respect is to kept under Miranda rule Stephen J. Shhulhofer agrees to the rule and had a opinion. He assets that US require Miranda protection to accused victims. According to him the rule has to be regarded as a compulsory constitutional requirement, which doesn’t cause any potential damage to criminal which effective enforcing the law. Yes Akhil Reed Amar Yale law professor argues that the execution of law is resetting in wrongful acquits and erroneous convictions. As the reliable evidence is excluded from the traits, it is becoming easy and helping guilty ones. While the rule is leaving a throbbing experiences on this innocent defendants. Answer is No from Michigan law professor, Yale Kamisar who is feeling contended with this constitution are together in an agreement so that there is no place to illegally obtained evidence. The court doesn’t require passing any orders for lawless activities in the act of enforcement of

The Negative Effects of Consumerism on Environment Essay

The Negative Effects of Consumerism on Environment - Essay Example The paper tells that the people in the past were lived in a society of producers; however current people are living in a society of consumers. There are plenty of reasons for this change. Heavy industrialization, development of science and technology and the subsequent changes happened in the life styles and life philosophies of people are some of the major reasons for increased consumerism. There is nothing wrong in transforming our society from the production dimension to consumer dimension if such changes may not cause any harm to our environment. Unfortunately, environmental problems or destruction is directly proportional to the rate of increase of consumerism. In other words, along with the increase in consumerism, increase in environment destruction is also taking place. It is impossible for humankind to survive long if consumerism increases at its present rate. The effects of consumerism on the Earth’s environment are: loss of resources, increased pollution, and loss o f energy. This paper analyses the causes of increased consumerism and its effects on environment. Loss of resources is the major effect of increased consumerism. It should be noted that population is growing at alarming rates whereas the available resources in this world are being reduced because of increased consumption. Scarcity of drinking water is a problem everywhere in this world. It should be noted that drinking water resources are exhausting day by day even though the water levels in the sea are gradually rising because of global warming. There are plenty of people in this world who purchase goods just for increasing their social status. Current consumers compare the goods in the hands of their friends, relatives and neighbours with the goods in their own hands and then take purchasing decisions. Such habits results in wastage of resources and over exploitation of resources. Deforestation is taking place rapidly to find enough space for establishing industries. Nobody take c are about the fact that trees or forests play an important role in maintaining the global climate suitable to living things. Deforestation results in big climate changes and subsequently the life is this earth may become extremely difficult. Carbon dioxide is harmful to the environment whereas oxygen is good for the environment. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and liberate oxygen to this world. Thus, trees help the environment in maintaining a balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere. Destruction of trees results in increased content of carbon dioxide in atmosphere which is not good for living things. All the living things in this world are interconnected each other in some ways. In other words, the existence or survival of all the living things in this world is necessary for the sustainment of human life. The destructions of animals and birds may affect human life in many ways. For example, snakes are the enemies of rats. Killing or destruction of snakes may result i n increased number of rats. Increased number rats means farmers may not get proper yield from their agriculture. In short, snakes are necessary to maintain the number of rats in this world to a particular level. However, climate changes and environmental problems are causing big destruction of animal life. â€Å"There was a story in the newspaper saying that 37 percent of species could become extinct due to climate change† (Mayell). Increased pollution is another effect of increased consumerism. Air, water and land pollution are caused by increased consumerism. It is already proved that atmospheric temperature is increasing day by day because of environmental pollutions and increased consumption of resources. Atmospheric temperature rise results in global warming. It would be difficult for mankind to live in this world, if the atmospheric temperature rises at its present rate. Automobile use is increased a lot in recent times. Automobiles

How does information technology enable strategy in travel Assignment

How does information technology enable strategy in travel - Assignment Example Customer relationship management has also been facilitated through technology. The use of technology has allowed Airlines to enable their customers to make inquiries about travel arrangements into which immediate feedback is given via their customer care function. Additionally, communication with travel agents has been facilitated through technology which in return has allowed Airlines to effectively meet the needs and preferences of their customers as one of the objectives of strategic management (Gasson 1). More importantly, the application of technology has allowed companies within the travel and tourism sector to effectively monitor travel. This involves the use of travel tracking systems for Airlines. As a result of this, travel companies which employ these services are more reliable and secure to travel with their flights. Therefore, technology is argued to be a strategic plan that the travel companies have employed to attract and retain customers and in this regard make these companies more competitive within the travel business (Lewis, Janjaap and Alexander 24). Strategic management within air travel business involves marketing of travel services to current and new markets. Technology has been used as one of the enablers of marketing and promotion for airlines. This is achieved through the use of websites by air travel companies to communicate their business strategy, services, safety and reliability to their clients. In addition, the association of airlines with accommodation and hotel industry as presented within travel websites has made the travel companies more appealing (Gasson

The Negative Effects of Consumerism on Environment Essay

The Negative Effects of Consumerism on Environment - Essay Example The paper tells that the people in the past were lived in a society of producers; however current people are living in a society of consumers. There are plenty of reasons for this change. Heavy industrialization, development of science and technology and the subsequent changes happened in the life styles and life philosophies of people are some of the major reasons for increased consumerism. There is nothing wrong in transforming our society from the production dimension to consumer dimension if such changes may not cause any harm to our environment. Unfortunately, environmental problems or destruction is directly proportional to the rate of increase of consumerism. In other words, along with the increase in consumerism, increase in environment destruction is also taking place. It is impossible for humankind to survive long if consumerism increases at its present rate. The effects of consumerism on the Earth’s environment are: loss of resources, increased pollution, and loss o f energy. This paper analyses the causes of increased consumerism and its effects on environment. Loss of resources is the major effect of increased consumerism. It should be noted that population is growing at alarming rates whereas the available resources in this world are being reduced because of increased consumption. Scarcity of drinking water is a problem everywhere in this world. It should be noted that drinking water resources are exhausting day by day even though the water levels in the sea are gradually rising because of global warming. There are plenty of people in this world who purchase goods just for increasing their social status. Current consumers compare the goods in the hands of their friends, relatives and neighbours with the goods in their own hands and then take purchasing decisions. Such habits results in wastage of resources and over exploitation of resources. Deforestation is taking place rapidly to find enough space for establishing industries. Nobody take c are about the fact that trees or forests play an important role in maintaining the global climate suitable to living things. Deforestation results in big climate changes and subsequently the life is this earth may become extremely difficult. Carbon dioxide is harmful to the environment whereas oxygen is good for the environment. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and liberate oxygen to this world. Thus, trees help the environment in maintaining a balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere. Destruction of trees results in increased content of carbon dioxide in atmosphere which is not good for living things. All the living things in this world are interconnected each other in some ways. In other words, the existence or survival of all the living things in this world is necessary for the sustainment of human life. The destructions of animals and birds may affect human life in many ways. For example, snakes are the enemies of rats. Killing or destruction of snakes may result i n increased number of rats. Increased number rats means farmers may not get proper yield from their agriculture. In short, snakes are necessary to maintain the number of rats in this world to a particular level. However, climate changes and environmental problems are causing big destruction of animal life. â€Å"There was a story in the newspaper saying that 37 percent of species could become extinct due to climate change† (Mayell). Increased pollution is another effect of increased consumerism. Air, water and land pollution are caused by increased consumerism. It is already proved that atmospheric temperature is increasing day by day because of environmental pollutions and increased consumption of resources. Atmospheric temperature rise results in global warming. It would be difficult for mankind to live in this world, if the atmospheric temperature rises at its present rate. Automobile use is increased a lot in recent times. Automobiles

W4-Policy, Team, and Information Technology Differences Essay

W4-Policy, Team, and Information Technology Differences - Essay Example As the paper stresses information systems are used as a means to automate much of an organization’s information needs and provide a means to automate most of the repetitive tasks that are required to be performed by the organization. Consider a modern organization such as an airline company, whose entire operations are managed through information systems and is used by every individual department and employee for performing their respective tasks. The sales department ensures that individual and corporate customers can check the various flight offers provided by the company and be able to book their flights in the easiest manner, which is often done online. According to the research findings the ground staff is aware of the baggage needs depending on the information stored in the system. also, the finance department analyzes the performance of the company by using the same information, albeit with a few modifications and analyses as required. The IT department of the company further ensures the smooth operation of the data needs of the various departments of the airline company and manages all requests from them for enhancements and issues. in this era of airline alliances and code sharing, companies have extended their information systems to communicate with one another so as to allow the customer to travel in a hassle free manner. The smooth performance of such complex systems that transcend across several departmental and organizational boundaries is an extremely complex scenario that requires a structured approach at all levels of operation within companies.

Agoraphobia Essay Example for Free

Agoraphobia Essay Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety in situations where the sufferer perceives certain environments as dangerous or uncomfortable, often due to the environments vast openness or crowdedness. These situations include, but are not limited to, wide-open spaces, as well as uncontrollable social situations such as the possibility of being met in shopping malls, airports, and on bridges. Agoraphobia is defined within the DSM-IV TR as a subset of panic disorder, involving the fear of incurring a panic attack in those environments. In the DSM-5, however, Agoraphobia s classified as being separate to panic disorder. The sufferer may go to great lengths to avoid those situations, in severe cases becoming unable to leave their home or safe haven. Although mostly thought to be a fear of public places, it is now believed that agoraphobia develops as a complication of panic attacks. However, there is evidence that the implied one-way causal relationship between spontaneous panic attacks and agoraphobia in DSM-IV may be incorrect. Onset is usually between ages 20 and 40 years and more common in women. Approximately 3. 2 million, or about 2. %, of adults in the US between the ages of 18 and 54, suffer from agoraphobia. Agoraphobia can account for approximately 60% of phobias. Studies have shown two different age groups at first onset: early to mid twenties, and early thirties. In response to a traumatic event, anxiety may interrupt the formation of memories and disrupt the learning processes, resulting in dissociation. Depersonalization and derealisation are other dissociative methods of withdrawing from anxiety. Standardized tools such as Panic and Agoraphobia Scale can be used to measure agoraphobia and panic attacks severity and monitor reatment. Agoraphobia is a condition where the sufferer becomes anxious in environments that are unfamiliar or where he or she perceives that they have little control. Triggers for this anxiety may include wide open spaces, crowds, or traveling . Agoraphobia is often, but not always, compounded by a fear of social embarrassment, as the agoraphobic fears the onset of a panic attack and appearing distraught in public. This is also sometimes called social agoraphobia which may be a type of social anxiety disorder also sometimes called social phobia. Not all agoraphobia is social n nature, however. Some agoraphobics have a fear of open spaces. Agoraphobia is also defined as a fear, sometimes terrifying, by those who have experienced one or more panic attacks. In these cases, the sufferer is fearful of a particular place because they have experienced a panic attack at the same location in a previous time. Fearing the onset of another panic attack, the sufferer is fearful or even avoids the location. Some refuse to leave their home even in medical emergencies because the fear of being outside of their comfort area is too great. The sufferer can ometimes go to great lengths to avoid the locations where they have experienced the onset of a panic attack. Agoraphobia, as described in this manner, is actually a symptom professionals check for when making a diagnosis of panic disorder. Other syndromes like obsessive compulsive disorder or post traumatic stress disorder can outside can cause the syndrome. [12] It is not uncommon for agoraphobics to also suffer from temporary separation anxiety disorder when certain other individuals of the household depart from the residence temporarily, such as a parent or spouse, or when the agoraphobic is left home alone. Such temporary conditions can result in an increase in anxiety or a panic attack or feel the need to separate themselves from family or maybe friends. Another common associative disorder of agoraphobia is necrophobia, the fear of death. The anxiety level of agoraphobics often increases when dwelling upon the idea of eventually dying, which they may consciously or unconsciously associate with being the ultimate separation from their mortal emotional comfort and safety zones and loved ones, even for those who may otherwise spiritually believe in some form of divine afterlife existence. Agoraphobia occurs about twice as commonly among women as it does in men. The gender difference may be attributable to several factors: social-cultural traditions that encourage, or permit, the greater expression of avoidant coping strategies by women, women perhaps being more likely to seek help and therefore be diagnosed; men being more likely to abuse alcohol in reaction to anxiety and be diagnosed as an alcoholic. Research has not yet produced a single clear explanation for the gender difference in agoraphobia. Although the exact causes of agoraphobia are currently unknown, some clinicians ho have treated or attempted to treat agoraphobia offer plausible hypotheses. The condition has been linked to the presence of other anxiety disorders, a stressful environment or substance abuse. Research has uncovered a linkage between agoraphobia and difficulties with spatial orientation. Individuals without agoraphobia are able to maintain balance by combining information from their vestibular system, their visual system and their proprioceptive sense. A disproportionate number of agoraphobics have weak vestibular function and consequently rely more on visual or actile signals. They may become disoriented when visual cues are sparse (as in wide open spaces) or overwhelming. Likewise, they may be confused by sloping or irregular surfaces. In a virtual reality study, agoraphobics showed impaired processing of changing audiovisual data in comparison with non-suffering subjects. Exposure treatment can provide lasting relief to the majority of patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Disappearance of residual and subclinical agoraphobic avoidance, and not simply of panic attacks, should be the aim of exposure therapy. Similarly, Systematic desensitizationmay also be used. Many patients can deal with exposure easier if they are in the company of a friend they can rely on. t is vital that patients remain in the situation until anxiety has abated because if they leave the situation the phobic response will not decrease and it may even rise. Cognitive restructuring has also proved useful in treating agoraphobia. This treatment involves coaching a participant through a dianoetic discussion, with the intent of replacing irrational, counterproductive beliefs w ith more factual and beneficial ones. Relaxation techniques are often useful skills for the agoraphobic to develop, as they can be used to stop or prevent symptoms of anxiety and panic. Anti-depressant medications most commonly used to treat anxiety disorders are mainly in the SSRI class and inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants are also commonly prescribed for treatment of agoraphobia. Antidepressants are important because some have antipanic effects. Antidepressants should be used in conjunction with exposure as a form of self-help or with cognitive behaviour therapy. Some evidence shows that a ombination of medication and cognitive behaviour therapy is the most effective treatment for agoraphobia.

My First Visit to Nigeria Essay -- Personal Narrative Traveling Essays

My First Visit to Nigeria In this essay I will reconstruct my first visit to Nigeria. The journey took place when I was seventeen in early 1993, during which time Nigeria was under the military rule of General Sanni Abacha. For the most part of my trip I stayed in Lagos, former capital state and still highly recognised as the commercial capital of Nigeria, although I did visit other parts of the country including Ondo State and Jos. Between this time and the time I left, in early 1994, I experienced and learnt a lot about the Nigerian culture. My main focus will be on the particular aspects of Nigerian culture that I saw as relevant to me as a teenager at the time, and also on my views before and after the journey. Up until the point of this journey I had lived most my life in the city of London and my cultural views were very much British. I was not very familiar with Nigerian culture, and the parts I was familiar with, which came mostly through my parents and other family members, were not very appealing t o me. Thinking back now I imagine that one of the reason things like that did not appeal to me was because it went so much against the British culture which I had already related to; fully accepted as my own; and deemed as ‘normal’. For example eating certain food, not including chips, with your right hand instead of with a knife and fork. Leading up to the time I left for Nigeria, I had never really identified myself with the Nigerian culture even though both of my parents where originally from Nigeria. I was the first born of my mother followed by my two younger brothers, Steven and William. We were all also given Nigerian names along with are English ones; mine was Femi and my brother’s were Ayo and Bayo. My father was still studying along with working when I was born and my mother was working also, when I was about three years old I was sent to live with a white middle class nanny in a town called Warminster in Wiltshire. It was a common phenomena in Britain in that period to see West African being bought up by Foster parents while their parents worked or studied (Groody and Groothuues, 1977). I did my first two or so years of primary school in Warminster before my parents decided it was time for me to return to live with them in London. I was one of very few blacks in Wiltshire at the time, so apart from the occasional rare visit made by my par... ... you is to experience it first hand. I found it much easier to accept traditional aspects of Nigerian culture when there where others, who like me were also infected with western popular culture, around me who appreciated also. I do not feel that this acceptance came from any sort forced group conciseness, but more from having the ability to choose aspects of the culture which I liked in an environment where my choices were more sociably accepted. While in Nigeria I also met a reasonable amount of other Nigerians who had had similar experiences while growing up as I did. Meeting with such people was one of the significant aspects of my journey as it enabled me to talk and laugh about some of the things I went through as a child which originally made me feel socially excluded. It also helped me to discover my cultural identity as a British born Nigerian. Bibliography Bammer, A, (1994), Displacements, Volume 15, Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press Kureishi, H, London and Karachi, in, Patriotism: The Waking and unmaking of British National Identity, Volume 2, Minorities and Outsiders Watson, J.L,(1977), Between Two Cultures, Oxford, Basil Blackwell

Masculinity and Advertising Essay -- Ads Advertising Marketing Gender

Masculinity and Advertising Picture this: There are three beach chairs on a beach and occupying each seat is a male college student. One guy has no shirt on and is wearing a hat. With a smile on his face, he looks to his right. The two guys sitting to his left are each reading a magazine. All three men seem to be enjoying the hot weather and the one looking to his right is enjoying a beer. Coming up on his right are three beautiful girls in bikinis. One girl is blonde, very well developed, and as she walks by you can see her breasts move back and forth with every step she takes. She smiles as she walks by, and by the expression on the guy's face he seems to be enjoying what he is seeing. Her two friends, who are brunettes, also have hourglass figures and smile at him as they walk by. The guy with the hat stares at them with a big smile. This guy then turns to his left and tells his friend, "It's your turn." His friend takes the beer that is offered to him, bangs it on the arm stand of the beach chair, and with this the girls rewind back to their starting positions. The music in the background plays again and the guy in the middle gets to enjoy the upcoming view. If you have not recognized this scene, it is a Miller Lite commercial that is typical of the ones shown during televised sporting events. In this paper I will analyze this commercial as well as others to reveal what the world of advertising on the Internet and on the tube set is all about. In a way, the advertising companies are prescribing certain roles of masculinity to men. These advertisers are suggesting that the men that are portrayed in their commercials or advertisement are the way men are or ought to be. I will explain why men should be aware of the issue... ...e use of half naked women walking around or the use of any alcohol. You can make it for T.V. or for a picture on a Web site. If you insist on making it a beer commercial you can have a dolphin swim up to the shore balancing a can of beer on its nose. I am not trying to persuade men to not watch the commercials or not go to the porn section, or go to the sports section of the web, but instead to view them in a different perspective. Men are portrayed as: having an identity crisis, unable to communicate with the opposite sex, and lastly a low level of language apprehension. Maybe even almost as cave man, we slam our beer down and the women go back to where they started. I'll be the first to admit that I enjoy looking at all types of women, whether they are clothed or half naked, but when I do my mouth is closed and when I open it, it's to carry on a conversation.

Prophylactic Internal Iliac Artery Ligation Health Essay

Aim: to measure the function of internal iliac arteria ligation as an effectual method of commanding station partum bleeding due to sidelong uterine rupture. Subjects and methods: A randomized controlled survey was conducted on 50 pregnant adult females who were admitted to Shatby University Maternity Hospital between June 2006 and August 2008, all of them were diagnosed as station partum bleeding due to sidelong uterine rupture. The patients were indiscriminately allocated to 2 groups, the ligation group where ligation of internal iliac arteria followed by fix of ruptured uterine wall was done ( group A ) , and the fix group, where ruptured womb was repaired by conventional methods ( group B ) . Informed consent was taken from all patients. Consequences: The ligation group showed a important statistical difference when compared with the fix group sing intra-operative clip ; sum of blood transfused intra-operatively ; continuance of intensive attention unit stay, need for extra surgical intervention such as hysterectomy or extra vaginal hemostasis, and the incidence of complications as disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and ureteric hurt. Decision ; internal iliac arteria ligation is considered an alternate effectual method to hysterectomy in instances of sidelong uterine rupture, taking to diminish maternal morbidity. Cardinal words: postpartum bleeding ( PPH ) , uterine rupture, internal iliac arteria ligation ( IIAL ) , hysterectomy.IntroductionPost partum bleeding ( PPH ) is a major cause of world-wide mortality runing from 13 % in developed states to 34 % in developing states. ( 1 ) it is responsible for over 125,000 maternal deceases each twelvemonth and is associated with morbidity in 20 million adult females per twelvemonth. ( 2 ) Traditionally, PPH is defined as hemorrhage from the venereal piece of land of 500 milliliter or more in the first 24 hr following bringing of the babe, a significant autumn in the hematocrit or the demand of blood transfusion have besides been proposed. ( 2-5 ) Uterine atonicity is the common cause of PPH that accounts for 80 % of instances ; other causes include maintained placental fragments, lower venereal piece of land lacerations and uterine rupture. ( 6 ) Uterine rupture is a ruinous obstetric complication. Although an uncommon event, it continues to be associated with a high rate of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. ( 7 ) The chief hazard factor for uterine rupture is a scarred womb, normally secondary to a anterior cesarean bringing. Consequently, most of the recent reappraisals on uterine rupture have focused on adult females trying vaginal birth after old cesarean bringing ( VBAC ) . ( 8 ) Rupture of the unscarred womb is a rare obstetric complication, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 8000-15,000 bringings. ( 9 ) There are two types of uterine rupture, complete and uncomplete, distinguished by whether or non the serous coat of the womb is involved. ( 10 ) In the former the uterine contents including foetus and on occasion placenta, may be discharged into the peritoneal pit, whereas in the latter the serous coat is integral and foetus and placenta are inside the uterine pit. ( 11 ) The complete assortment appears to be more unsafe of the two assortments. ( 12 ) Rupture of womb during labour is more unsafe than that happening in gestation because daze is greater and infection is about inevitable. ( 13,14 ) When PPH continues despite aggressive medical intervention, early consideration should be given to surgical intercession. The pick of process will depend on the para of the adult females and her desire for childbirth, the extent of bleeding and, most significantly, the experience and opinion of the sawbones. In most ruinous state of affairss, hysterectomy is preferred in order to collar farther blood loss and via media with certainty. ( 15 ) Although a life-saving process, it may non be appropriate for adult females who need to continue their generative potency. Haemostatic processs that preserve the uterus include uterine pit tamponage, selective uterine arteria embolisation, uterine arteria ligation and uterine brace suturas. ( 16 ) ISSN 1110-0834Internal iliac arteria ligation ( IIAL ) for the control of profuse pelvic hemorrhage has long been recognized as a life-saving process. ( 17 ) The American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists continues to recommend the usage of hypogastric arteria ligation in the direction of intraoperative intractable bleeding during pelvic surgery or in instances of obstetric bleeding. ( 18 ) The construct that surcease of blood supply may do harm to pelvic variety meats has been proved to be incorrect. On the contrary, in the instance of pelvic bleeding unmanageable by conservative methods, prompt intercession may non merely salvage the life of the patient but besides her womb. There are several studies of gestations carried to full term after bilateral ligation of the hypogastric arterias. ( 19-23 ) The purpose of this survey was to measure the function of bilateral IIAL in instances of terrible station partum bleeding due to sidelong rupture womb in comparing to the conventional uterine fix merely in such instances.MethodThis survey was conducted on 50 pregnant adult females who were admitted to Shatby University Maternity Hospital between June 2006 and August 2008, all of them were diagnosed as terrible station partum bleeding due to sidelong uterin e rupture which might be extended to the vagina ( Diagnosis was confirmed during Laparotomy ) . The sample group were indiscriminately allocated into two groups: Group A=35 patients ( ligation group ) : adult females were subjected to bilateral IIAL followed by fix of uterine wall. Group B =15 patients ( fix merely group ) : adult females were subjected to conventional methods of uterine fix. All patients were counselled for the process and informed consent was obtained.Technique of internal iliac ligation was done as follow:The womb is lifted out of the pelvic girdle in order to observe the extent of the hurt. The uterine tear is inspected and examined carefully from the vertex downwards. The hemorrhage borders of the womb are held with Green Armytage clinch ( or pealing forceps ) . The vesica is dissected from the lower uterine section by crisp and blunt dissection so mobilized downwards. The external iliac pulsings are felt and followed up to the bifurcation of the common iliac arteria, and the ureter is identified. The peritoneum on the sidelong side of the bifurcation of the common iliac arteria is opened by a longitudinal scratch in such a manner that the ureter remains attached to the median peritoneal contemplation exposing the retroperitoneal anatomy. The internal iliac arteria is traced and carefully dissected off from the underlying vena. Figure ( 1 & A ; 2 ) A dual yarn of absorbable sutura ( Vicryl ) stuff is passed underneath the arteria and tied. Figure ( 3 ) Femoral arteria pulsings are identified after binding the ligatures.Statistical methods:Statistical analysis was done utilizing Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS/version 15 ) package. The statistical trials used are as follow: Arthematic mean, standard divergence, Chui-square trial and Fisher exact trial was used for categorised parametric quantities, while for numerical informations, t-test was used. The degree of significance was 0.05.ConsequenceIn the ligation group ( group A ) , the age ranged from 24 – 39 old ages with a mean of 32.85A ±6.57 and para ranged from 1-4 with a mean of 2.45A ±1.01, while in the fix group ( group B ) their age ranged from 27-42 old ages with a mean of 33.9A ±7.06 and the para ranged from 1-4 with a mean of 2.622A ±1.05, severally. There was no statistically important difference between the two groups sing age and para. Both groups were compared as respects intra-operative and, postoperative eventsIntraoperative events:The average intra-operative clip in group ( A ) was 45.5A ±4.68 proceedingss, while it was 98.5A ±8.98 proceedingss in group ( B ) . The intra-operative clip is statistically important longer in group B as P= 0.0001. The clip needed for one- sided IIAL ranged between three to seven proceedingss. The average blood volume transfused intra-operatively in group ( A ) was 1750A ±71.6 milliliter, compared to 2980A ±120.8 milliliters in group ( B ) , this difference is statistically important as P= 0.0001. In group ( A ) , Four patients ( 11.4 % ) had hysterectomy, and 6 patients ( 17.1 % ) had extra haemostatic vaginal suturas for extended vaginal cryings after IIAL. In group ( B ) seven patients ( 46.7 % ) had hysterectomy and 10 patients ( 66.7 % ) had haemostatic vaginal suturas. These difference, are statistically important as P= 0.0058 and 0.0005 severally. These findings revealed a higher incidence of extra secondary processs in group ( B ) . There was no ureteric ligation or hurt recorded in group ( A ) , on the other manus in group ( B ) the ureter was ligated on the same side during fix of the tear without exposing the ureter in 2 instances. Fortunately, both discovered intra-operatively and managed. No other complications were recorded in either group. ( Table I )Postoperative eventsAll patients were transferred postoperatively to intensive attention unit ( ICU ) the average continuance of ICU stay was 38A ±5.99 hours in group ( A ) , compared to 70A ±6.85 hours in group B, which is statistically important as P= 0.0001. On the other manus, 5 patients ( 14.3 % ) in group ( A ) which is statistically important less compared to 9 patients ( 60.0 % ) in group ( B ) were complicated with disseminated intra vascular coagulopathy ( DIC ) . The entire volume of blood collected from intra-abdominal drain over 48 hours postoperatively was 211A ±23.85 milliliter in group ( A ) , while it was 751A ±68.98 milliliter in group ( B ) . These revealed a higher incidence of station operative complications in group B. Merely one patient ( 2.9 % ) died from pneumonic intercalation in group ( A ) , and another one ( 6.7 % ) died in group ( B ) due to monolithic hypovolemia and daze. ( Table II ) Fig. 1: Lateral uterine rupture with terrible station partum bleeding Fig. 2: Retroperitoneal anatomy demoing the great vass. Fig. 3: A dual yarn of absorbable sutura stuff is passed underneath the arteria utilizing right angled artery forceps and tied. Table I: Comparison between the two studied groups sing intra-operative events.Group Aâ€Å" n=35 †Group Bâ€Å" n=15 †Trial of significanceIntra-operative clip ( min. ) 45.5A ±4.68 98.5A ±8.98 T = 4.30 P = 0.0001* Sum of blood transfused intra-operatively ( milliliter ) 1750A ±71.6 2980A ±120.8 T = 5.21 P = 0.0001* Need for hysterectomy 4 ( 11.4 % ) 7 ( 46.7 % ) X2 = 7.60 P = 0.0058* Need for extra vaginal haemostatic suturas 6 ( 17.1 % ) 10 ( 66.7 % ) X2 = 11.83 P = 0.0005* Ureteric ligation 0 ( 0.0 % ) 2 ( 13.3 % ) Field-effect transistor P = 0.085 Datas are presented as Mean + SD * P is important if & lt ; 0.05 Field-effect transistor: Fisher Exact ‘s Trial Table II: Comparison between the two studied groups sing post-operative events.Group Aâ€Å" n=35 †Group Bâ€Å" n=15 †Trial of significanceDuration of ICU stay in hours 38A ±5.99 70A ±6.85 T = 4.25 P = 0.001* Incidence of DIC 5 ( 14.3 % ) 9 ( 60.0 % ) X2 = 10.88 P = 0.0009* Entire sum of blood collected in drain over 48 hours ( milliliter ) 211A ±23.85 751A ±68.98 T = 6.21 P = 0.0001* Maternal mortality 1 ( 2.9 % ) 1 ( 6.7 % ) Field-effect transistor P = 0.524 Datas are presented as Mean + SD * P is important if & lt ; 0.05 Field-effect transistor: Fisher Exact ‘s Test DIC: disseminated intra vascular coagulopathy Intensive care unit: intensive attention unitDiscussionUterine rupture is a serious obstetric complication, with high morbidity and mortality, peculiarly in less and least developed states. The most of import defect of the information available is the deficiency of distinction between uterine rupture with and without old cesarean subdivision. Overall, most rates ranged between 0.1 % and 1 % . Maternal mortality ranged between 1 % and 13 % , and perinatal mortality between 74 % and 92 % . ( 24 ) Uterine artery ligation is a promising technique in the direction of PPH as occlusion of the uterine arteria reduces 90 % of the blood flow. It is utile in uterine atonicity, but in uterine injury, when the avulsed uterine arteria retracts into the wide ligament organizing a hematoma, it is hard to make a uterine arteria ligation and salve the womb. IIAL in such state of affairss is helpful as the force per unit area and flow of circulation lessening distal to the ligation and enabling one to readily turn up the hemophiliac and ligate it firmly. Similarly, in instances of deep forniceal cryings and hematoma, uterine arteria ligation or even hysterectomy does non halt the bleeding. In such instances, blood loss could be arrested after IIAL as vaginal arteria is a direct subdivision of anterior division of internal iliac arteria. Since it is a safe, rapid and really effectual method of commanding shed blooding from venereal piece of land, it is besides helpful in commanding postoperative bleeding after abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy where no unequivocal hemorrhage point is noticeable. IIAL was performed for the first clip by Kelly ( 25 ) with a success rate 95 % and without any major complication. Mukherjee et Al ( 26 ) performed 36 instances of IIAL with a success rate of 83.3 % in 6 old ages. The principle for IIAL as an effectual agencies of commanding intractable PPH and forestalling maternal decease is based on the haemodynamic surveies of Burchell, ( 27 ) which showed that IIAL reduced pelvic blood flow by 49 % and pulse force per unit area by 85 % , ensuing in venous force per unit areas in the arterial circuit therefore advancing hemostasis by a simple coagulum formation. However, the reported success rate of IIAL varies from 40 to 100 % , ( 28 ) and the process averts hysterectomy in merely 50 % of instances. ( 29 ) Papp et Al, ( 30 ) published aA reappraisal of indicants and results for 117 instances of bilateral hypogastric arteria ligation over 15 old ages ( 1990-2004 ) . They documented that, apart from a little lesion to the hypogastric vena, no complications were observed. Bleeding was efficaciously controlled in all 37 obstetric instances. In 13 of these instances, the womb was preserved even when there was cervical gestation, placenta previa, placental breaking off, uterine atonicity, and uterine rupture, and 4 adult females were delivered of mature babies. Bleeding was efficaciously controlled in 41 of 80 gynaecological instances. Contraceptive decrease of pelvic blood flow was the indicant for the process in 39 cases.The womb was preserved in merely a few of the 41 controlled instances, but one adult female ( so far ) was delivered of a mature baby. In our survey we evaluated the efficaciousness of ligation of internal iliac arteria in instances of rupture womb. Results showed less operative clip and sum of blood transfused for replacing in comparing to the fix group. In add-on, the womb was preserved in most of the instances, merely 4 patients ( 11.4 % ) had hysterectomy, and 6 patients ( 17.1 % ) had extra vaginal suturas for hemostasis. There were no ureteric or great vessel hurts. The post-operative events, showed short ICU stay and less incidence of complications as DIC was merely seen in 5 patients ( 14.3 % ) , besides it is fertility salvaging process. The fright of vascular hurt and return of bleeding normally deter an obstetrician from fall backing to IIAL. We observed that one time the uterine hemorrhage was controlled during surgery, it did non repeat in the postoperative period in any adult female in whom the womb was conserved. As there is free inosculation providing pelvic variety meats, vascular lack following ligature have non proved to be a job, even after bilateral IIAL. Khelifi et Al. ( 31 ) have evaluated internal iliac arterias in 13 adult females after ligation by color Doppler echography in the 4th twenty-four hours after intercession and so monthly until repermeabilization of the internal iliac arterias. In all instances, the first test showed down-side the ligature, a flow inversion with an of import pelvic indirect circulation. The following Doppler test showed repermeabilization of the hypogastric arterias after an mean interval of 5 months. Pappz et Al. ( 21 ) have reported a successful gestation after internal iliac arteria ligation with normal flow speed in uterine arterias. Wagaarachchi and Fernando ( 22 ) observed successful gestation in 50 % of the instances following bilateral ligation. Therefore, Internal iliac arteria ligation decreases the hemorrhage, clears the operative field and therefore enables the sawbones to avoid blindly clamping and ligating tissues submerged in a pool of blood. This is peculiarly helpful in cut downing the hazard of ureteric hurt. Internal iliac arteria ligation besides facilitates fix of vaginal lacerations that bleed abundantly with each sutura through the vaginal wall. It represents an option to the hysterectomy and preserves the child-bearing maps of some females because of the subsequent vascular recanalization. All accoucheurs caring for parturient adult females should familiarise themselves with this process as it should be an built-in portion of obstetric and gynaecological preparation.

Oppression: a Comparative Literary Analysis

Oppression: A Comparative Literary Analysis There has been an ongoing battle within trends in society, and continues as time evolves and revolutions occur. Such battles include issues of oppression; be it in marriages, families, or in society as a whole. Two particular stories that tackle these issues within the idea of oppression include â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey. While Chopin’s story deals with how women are expected to conform by society’s standards, Kesey’s piece argues how men are feeling emasculated from the pressures of society in whole. Such major similarities and difference these two have with one another include dealings with marriage, the desire for individualism and nonconformity, and the issues with gender norms. Now Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is a short story of a woman who, because of her husband’s supposed death, realizes her newfound freedom and independence. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, on the other hand, is a novel set at a psychiatric hospital located in Oregon, with characters including Chief Bromden, one of the protagonists and the narrator, who is half ­Native American and pretends to be deaf and mute. There is also Randle McMurphy, who is the other protagonist and a rebellious convict sent from prison. The plot concerns itself with McMurphy’s interaction with the other patients in the ward along with those who run it. From then on he comes up with events for the patients to participate in, with the intention of making them stand up for themselves against society’s pressure. Initially he thinks that being in a psychiatric institution is an easy way out compared to prison, however in the end he violently thrashes against Nurse Ra.